earlier article, spread is potentially a promising way to measure risk in real time as perceived collectively by competing …, but it nets out the change in price from open to close, and thus gives an accurate view of the true spread over the course …

Analysis of the difference between the lowest and second lowest bids, or bid-spread, in a ‘lowest wins’ auction is of … security; and a means of providing some insight into the consequences of non-traditional auction arrangements. Bid-spread …, the percentage bid-spread is consistent with the assumption that bids are entirely random, being drawn from a lognormal …

relevant threshold, where the true mean or variance itself is unobserved. Methods to be discussed include derivations based on …