This paper employs graph theory to assess the extent of integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies within defense activities and investigates how the performance of the national innovation system (NIS) influences this integration. The analysis utilizes data from 33 countries with...

A substantial body of literature has examined the determinants of the informal economy. However, this literature has predominantly focused on proximate causes, such as unemployment and taxation, while largely overlooking the role of innovation. This paper contributes to filling this gap by...

A substantial body of literature has explored the determinants of the informal economy. However, this literature has predominantly focused on proximate causes such as taxation and unemployment, largely overlooking the role of innovation. This paper aims to fill this gap by examining the effect...

Using a large firm-level dataset from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, which covers 134 countries from 2006 to 2023 and includes over 134,000 observations, we examine whether past informality affects the credit constraints of registered firms. Estimations, based on the entropy balancing...