We address the problem of estimating an environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 in open economies. The novelty is that we follow a time series approach. The objective is, �first to answer a critique concerning the liability of Kuznets curves estimations when using cross-section data. For most of...

This paper examines the potential impact of energy consumption and foreign direct investment (FDI) on inclusive growth in 32 Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries from 2000 to 2019. The results from the 2-stage system generalised method of moment (GMM), reveal that energy consumption induces...

We study the relationship between institutional ownership and firm performance in Finland. A systems approach is employed to investigate the potential two-way causality between firm performance and ownership structure. Three-stage least squares estimation technique is used to solve for the...