The paper surveys eight different derivations that all lead to the celebrated Black and Scholes (1973) formula. Describing these derivations leads us through many of the techniques applied in continuous-time asset pricing. The paper can therefore also be seen as an introduction to...

This paper sets up a model for the valuation of traditional participating life insurance policies. These claims are characterized by their explicit interest rate guarantees and by various embedded option elements, such as bonus and surrender options. Owing to the structure of these contracts,...