safety revolution occurred that saw shipping losses and insurance rates on oceanic routes almost halved thanks to steady …Shipping was central to the rise of the Atlantic economies, but an extremely hazardous activity: in the 1780s, roughly … shipping technology was stagnant before iron steamships, in this paper we demonstrate that between the 1780s and 1820s, a …

this risk management tool from its origins in the pre-Roman Mediterranean through to its use in the shipping sector today …