Policy makers need reliable estimates of direct costs of pharmaceutical R&D, in order to contain health-care costs and at the same time maintain a supportive environment for investment in research. This paper evaluates the application of parametric estimating methods to the late stage clinical...

This paper outlines a detailed evaluation of intangible assets within the company, now more and more important and fundamental. It focuses on these resources through the use of direct valuation methods (scored card, Tobin's Q ratio, VAIC, interbrand, technology brokers), historical cost,...