advertising. To deal with those three issues, we recommend an analytical and governance framework for competition agencies …

When advertising is a value-enhancing complement to consumption [Becker and Murphy (1993)], customization can permit … firms to discriminate in advertising strategies, rather than in pricing. We investigate customized complementary advertising … in a spatial model of horizontal differentiation. We show how targeted advertising may be used to differentiate products …

Approximately 86% of online display advertising space in the U.S. is bought and sold in real-time on electronic trading … venues, which the industry calls "advertising exchanges." With intermediaries that route buy and sell orders, the structure … of the ad market is similar to the structure of electronically traded financial markets. In advertising, a single company …