setting the two policy instruments have different welfare effects. For a strong green policy (a severe reduction of the dirty …

to promote CE, encompassing fiscal measures like taxes and subsidies, standards, informational guidance, and financing …. Pricing externalities across the value chain through taxes or fees could serve as a powerful incentive for sustainable …. One potential approach to accelerate the transition is the targeting of R&D subsidies for CE solutions. …

damaging subsidies is lacking. Environmentally damaging subsidies are all kinds of direct and indirect subsidies aimed at … article develops a transparent method to determine the environmental impact of indirect government subsidies and derive policy … lessons. This method has been applied to several major subsidies in the Netherlands, namely in agriculture, energy, and …

The paper compares emission taxes, subsidies, permits and credits with respect to the incentives they create to enhance … and taxes provide the strongest incentive, followed by credits and subsidies respectively. This ranking order is reversed … if there is a distortion on output. Subsidies can neutralize this distortion; subsidies stimulate output supply, which …

first best allocation. Using data from pizzerias in Oslo, Norway, we provide a calibration exercise to estimate welfare …