The aim of this paper is to define and investigate outlier-proneness for multivariate distributions. This is done by using a concept of ordering multivariate data based on isobar-surfaces, which yields an utmost analogy of the results to the univariate case.

The advantage of quantum mechanics to shift up the ability to econometrically understand extreme tail losses in financial data has become more desirable, especially in cases of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) predictions. Behind the non-novel quantum mechanism, it does...

The behaviour of group sequential tests in the two-sample problem is investigated if one replaces the classical non-robust estimators in the t-test statistic by modern robust estimators of location and scale. Hampel's 3-part redescending M-estimator 25A used in the Princeton study and the robust...