High public debt often produces the drama of default and restructuring. But debt is also reduced through financial repression, a tax on bondholders and savers via negative or below market real interest rates. After WWII, capital controls and regulatory restrictions created a captive audience for...

Emerging economies are prone to ‘sudden stops’, characterized by a collapse in external borrowing and aggregate demand. Sudden stops may be triggered by a spike in world interest rates, which causes rapid private sector deleveraging. In response to a rise in interest rates, deleveraging is...

This paper addresses the question of what the current international legal systems concerning subsidies for innovation are and whether these fit the findings of economic analysis. Innovation is a very relevant economic instrument toward increasing the commercial and political competitiveness of...

During the last decade, developing (and some developed) economies have accumulated large amounts of international reserves, mainly for precautionary reasons. This phenomenon has been coupled with moderate economic growth. The resources being amassed largely overwhelm protective needs, there is...

We document the consequences of real exchange rate movements for the employment, hours, and hourly earnings of workers in manufacturing industries across individual states. Exchange rates have statistically significant wage and employment implications in these local labor markets. The importance...

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the historical problems and causes of the crisis, explains the choices available for the peripheral EU countries and the potential consequences, and discusses potential solutions which take into account how the EU operates. The Eurozone still makes...

This paper relates the volatility of the (trade-weighted) effective real exchange rate to the degree of trade openness of an economy. The theoretical part presents an intertemporal monetary model with nominal labour (factor) market rigidities. Both monetary and aggregate supply shocks are shown...

The Mexican, Asian, and Russian crises of the mid- and late 1990s, have renewed the interest among policymakers in the determinants and effects of private capital flows. This paper analyzes whether policies can affect the composition of capital inflows and whether different compositions...

Financing resources play a significant role in escalating export ventures particularly of MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) which face a stiff competition from the larger firms. Finance is essential not only for successful operation of current activities of the firm but also aids in...