Europe’s unique place in western political economy (previously defined by its commitment to social-democracy) has recently transformed through adherence to a model of development that sees the separation of politics from economics as integral to stability. This report attempts to trace the...

The financial crisis and its subsequent spread in European economies has sparked an interest in investment litigations and arbitrations. Foreign investors are utilising every means available in resisting regulatory measures that affect them detrimentally, hoping that dispute resolution can...

The paper offers a reflection on how the ECB approaches its mandate and tests how well its key crisis-response policies and initiatives rest within a framework of law. It is argued that there are limits to doing ‘whatever it takes', even when things are considered economically necessary. The...

The paper investigates whether institutional independence contributes positively to central bank responses to economic emergencies. The paper examines evidence of central bank responses to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 to investigate correlation between independence and...

Part 1. Theory. Methodological framing -- The role of law in markets -- Part 2. Crises. History and deregulation -- The crisis of 2008 -- Part 3. Futures. Responses to the credit crunch -- The market-state balance revisted