The present paper investigates the link between exports and the outward FDI stock using a panel of industries and seven EU countries for the period 1973-2004. In particular, we use the panel causality tests developed by Holtz-Eakin, Newey, and Rosen (1988). Estimates using system GMM estimators...

In October 2014 the Commission invited all enlargement countries to enhance economic policy and its governance through the preparation of annual Economic Reform Programmes (ERPs). These programmes comprise two parts. Part I consists of an enhanced version of the previous Pre-Accession Economic...

In this occasional paper the Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs publishes its overview and assessments of the 2014 economic and fiscal programmes (EFP) of the potential candidate countries (Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina). In 2001, a regular economic fiscal surveillance...