The European Courts have maintained a restrictive approach to participation rights in EU administrative procedures. The right to be heard is primarily recognised to addressees of unfavourable administrative decisions or, at any rate, to those directly and individually concerned by them. As such,...

Book II aims to fill a gap in the existing legal system of the EU. It links the provisions, general principles of law and values arising from primary law with the procedure for adoption of non-legislative acts of general application. Progressively over the past decades, a set of constitutional...

Enforcement of competition law affects consumers' economic interests, as part of the public interests EU competition law protects. Therefore, consumers ought to be involved in the respective enforcement procedures. Against this normative background, we analyse consumers' access to the public...

It is conventionally assumed that administrative discretionary decisions are determined by political and expert-driven considerations and that law's structuring and constraining capacity in that regard is and should be limited. Law defines a space within which discretionary choices are...