The literature on diffusion of knowledge has shown positive influence of physical and cultural proximity, common language and contiguity on the speed and magnitude of international knowledge flows. Knowledge diffusion is also facilitated by co-location, even temporary one, which helps...

Using a large survey spanning several years and more than 150 countries, we examine the importance of social networks in influencing individuals' intention to migrate domestically or internationally. We distinguish close social networks (composed of friends and family) and broad social networks...

This paper investigates the impact of institutions or structural policies on the volatility of income or GDP per capita in transition countries and in Kazakhstan in particular. In the first part of the paper we compare Kazakhstan's institutional framework with other transition economies based on...