The Ministry of Finance has proposed a temporary capital requirement (risk weight floor) for commercial real estate (CRE) exposures in Norway, applicable to the largest banks. CRE is the sector where banks have historically incurred the largest losses during crises. Since CRE loan losses are low...

The Ministry of Finance has proposed a temporary capital requirement (risk weight floor) for commercial real estate (CRE) exposures in Norway, applicable to the largest banks. CRE is the sector where banks have historically incurred the largest losses during crises. Since CRE loan losses are low...

Operating costs in the Norwegian banking sector have been reduced considerably in recent decades, both as a share of income and assets. This has increased banks' resilience to increased losses and reduced the risk of crises. In this article, I analyse how costs have been reduced and the main...

Operating costs in the Norwegian banking sector have been reduced considerably in recent decades, both as a share of income and assets. This has increased banks' resilience to increased losses and reduced the risk of crises. In this article, I analyse how costs have been reduced and the main...

The rule of law as a governing norm has expanded from state to regional and international level. Within the EU, the Court of Justice (ECJ) is one of the institutions developing an EU rule of law, which in particular is informed by the EU treaties, secondary legislation, and national...

The banking literature contains only a handful of studies of how bank revenues vary over the business cycle, and nearly all of these studies look exclusively on the net interest margin. The general conclusion has been that the margin tends to increase during recessions and decrease during booms....