The study examines the methods of testing the presence of unit root and co-integration of time series data using those tests that assumes the presence of breaks and those that assumes no breaks. We employed Eliott et-al(1996) DF-GLS for the latter test and Perron(1997) for the former category....

In ESTAR models it is usually difficult to determine parameter estimates, as it can be observed in the literature. We show that the phenomena of getting strongly biased estimators is a consequence of the so-called identification problem, the problem of properly distinguishing the transition...