Competitive advantage is typically based on a unique nexus of firm-specific investments that creates inimitable quasi-rents. As writing complete contracts on how to distribute the quasi-rents is impossible, stakeholders may underinvest in firm-specific assets to avoid the hold-up risk. This...

Even though betting exchanges are considered to be the superior business model in the betting industry due to less operational risk and lower information costs, bookmakers continue to be successful. We explain the puzzling coexistence of these two market structures with the advantage of...