We examine the measurement of individual poverty in an intertemporal context. Our aim is to capture the importance of … illustrate our new index with an application to EU countries. -- Intertemporal poverty measurement ; equity … persistence in a state of poverty and we characterize a corresponding individual intertemporal poverty measure. Our first axiom …

The at-risk-of-poverty rate (AROP) is one of the three indicators used for monitoring progress towards the Europe 2020 … poverty and social exclusion reduction target. Timeliness of this indicator is crucial for monitoring of the social situation …, estimates of the number of people at risk of poverty are published with a significant delay. This paper extends and updates …

trading costs. We develop trade-time liquidity measures that reflect per-dollar price impacts of fixed-dollar volumes. Our …