Network industries, such as electronic communications, energy, and transport, are of vital economic importance because the infrastructure and services that they provide underpin the functioning of modern economies. To improve the functioning of markets in these essential sectors, the EU has...

The economic and financial crisis resulted in a sharp decrease in both private and public investment in the EU. Stimulus efforts were put in place right at the beginning of the crisis in 2008, which resulted in support for infrastructure investment worth about EUR 32 billion (0.25 % of EU GDP),...

In the recent years electricity tariff deficits emerged in Spain, Portugal, Greece and in some other Member States. Tariff deficits are shortfalls of revenues in the electricity system, which arise when the tariffs for the regulated components of the retail electricity price are set below the...