-competent workforce, as supported by firms’ training and recruitment plans. Conversely, ODT investment does not significantly alter total …

European firms have increasingly invested in training of employees but differences across countries and types of firms … remain - and the Covid-19 shock may have exacerbated them. This report analyses European firms' investment in training over … the last six years examining trends, factors supporting training investment as well as the impact of the Covid-19 shock …

with respect to the ability of their employees when training is certified by credible external institutions. We apply an … institutions at that the end of apprenticeship training can be signalled to outside employers. Apprenticeship graduates however … cannot signal their work-related ability – measured by a small voluntary bonus paid by the training employer – to the outside …

be driven by higher-skilled workers. The results for training are less clear, but suggest that higher-skilled immigration … may have a positive impact on the training of native workers. We discuss the implications for post-Brexit immigration …