This paper discusses and analyses whether congestion charges can be considered to be “fair” in different senses to the word. Two different perspectives are distinguished: the consumer perspective and the citizen perspective. The consumer perspective is the traditional one in equity analyses,...

The paper draws from already published material. In fact, a reader already familiar with the congestion charging literature will find few completely new findings or insights. The contribution of the paper is rather the selection of the most relevant, interesting, important and sometimes...

Model misspecification is a serious issue since misspecification generally renders statistical inference invalid. However, specification testing of discrete choice models is rarely applied. This paper describes a nonparametric test procedure which uses a combination of smoothed residual plots...