The main purpose of this paper is to compare the White (1980) heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC) covariance matrix estimator with alternative estimators. Many regression packages compute the White (1980) heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC) covariance matrix estimator. The common procedure in...

This paper examines whether the level of enforcement shapes the complexity in accounting standards. First, in order to identify the level of complexity in accounting standards, we calculated a new measure that conceptualizes accounting complexity based on the theoretical dimensions of...

The adoption of IAS 19: Employee benefits (2004) provided managers with an important accounting choice affecting the time and placement of actuarial gains and losses recognition. IAS 19 enables a choice between three major accounting methods related to the recognition of actuarial gains and...

Since 2005, IASB standards have become mandatory for publicly listed European companies in the consolidated financial statements (Regulation 1606/2002 of European Parliament and the Council). The adoption of IAS 19: Employee benefits (2004) provided managers with an important accounting choice...