systemically smaller for Black compared to White families. One hypothesis is that due to the existing structural racism that … costs of upward social mobility for minorities, Black families face more challenges for leveraging their education to escape … poverty. Aims: Using a nationally representative sample of American families with children, this study investigated racial …

research on gender inequality in access to self-employment, the gender gap in pensions, and the emerging topic of a gender gap …

-term income, medium-term further education, long-term retirement insurance. The focus is on the particularly affected groups of …