This chapter reviews the literature on the enforcement and dispute settlement of international trade agreements. It organizes the review of theoretical developments according to the following questions, of which relevant studies provide new insights: How can governments enforce trade agreements...

We nest an extended two-way fixed effect (ETWFE) estimator for staggered difference-in-differences within the structural gravity model. To test the ETWFE, we estimate the effects of regional trade agreements (RTAs). The results suggest that RTA estimates in the current gravity literature may be...