A number of researchers (Rubenstein, 2000; Thaler, 1981) have shown that investors have a preference for higher short-run returns, and a declining rate of time preference. Such preferences have been cited as evidence for both investor irrationality and short-comings of the discounted utility model...

DeBondt and Thahler (1995) point out that while von Neumann-Morgenstern (1947) utility functions, the axioms of cardinal utility (Copeland and Weston, 1992), risk aversion, rational expectations, etc., have formed the basis for theories of choice under uncertainty, research in behavioral...