In this article we propose an aggregate optimization approach by formulating the multi-head SMD placement optimization problem into a mixed integer program (MIP) with the variables based on batches of components. This MIP is tractable and effective in balancing workload among placement heads,...

HSS and UHSS offer high light-weighting potential for car body structural components. The large amount of springback after forming operations is currently limiting the market penetration of such steel grades, because of the large effort to be spent for tool design and tolerance satisfaction,...