This note considers Tobin's average Q in a framework where firms finance investment by equities and debt. The determination of its long-run equilibrium value Q° is based on positing equality of the loan rate and, adjusted for a risk premium, the return on equities. Q° can thus be characterized...

During the last 25 years, the stock market in the US has been strongly pro-cyclical in the presence of a counter-cyclical monetary policy. In this paper, we use an endogenous business cycle model to explore the factors contributing to a pro-cyclical stock market. A dynamic expectation structure...

Targeted refinancing operations (TROs) have traditionally been used to improve the transmission of monetary policy, by providing incentives for banks to lend to the real economy. Through TROs, central banks provide refinancing facilities to banks at differentiated interest rates. The criteria...

Shifting power generation from fossil fuels to renewable energy comes at a substantial additional cost, which is largely borne by companies in the power sector. We study the implications of this burden for their capital structure, the dynamics of the transition, and the design and choice of...

This paper models how key technological and financial aspects of a potential fossil fuel phase-out interact in a stylized setting. In the energy generation part of the model, the substitutability between green and dirty energy is endogenized such that firms can invest into substitutability...

During the last 25 years, the stock market in the US has been strongly pro-cyclical in the presence of a counter-cyclical monetary policy. In this paper, we use an endogenous business cycle model to explore the factors contributing to a pro-cyclical stock market. A dynamic expectation structure...