This paper raises questions about the consistency of the Z-score, which is the most applied accounting-based measure of bank risk. In spite of its main advantage, namely the concept of risk on which it relies, the traditional formula is precisely inconsistent with this concept. The Z-score is...

Our main objectives are to estimate the risk of Central and Eastern European banks and determine its factors focussing on the role of ownership structures. We apply market-based risk measures and an improved Z-score and conclude that foreign and private banks are less risky than state-owned...

We develop the Murphy-Topel adjustment of the variance-covariance matrix for two-step panel data models. We apply it on the competition-fragility nexus in banking with different samples for two equations. Indeed, this issue is often observed in this field of research. A competition measure of...

Many reforms of banking market liberalization in CEE countries raised the question on the convergence of banks' competitive behaviour, particularly because of the presence of foreign banks from same European regions. We find within-country convergence of three used bank competition measures,...