Recent Value-at-Risk (VaR) models based on historical simulation often incorporate approaches where the volatility of the historical sample is rescaled or filtered to better reflect current market conditions. These filtered historical simulation (FHS) VaR models are now widely used in the...

Large-value payment systems (LVPS) often have a tiered structure where only a limited number of banks have direct access to these systems and every other institution accesses the system through agency arrangements with the direct participants. As such, a high degree of tiering is often perceived...

Large-value payment systems (LVPS) often have a tiered structure where only a limited number of banks have direct access to these systems and every other institution accesses the system through agency arrangements with the direct participants. As such, a high degree of tiering is often perceived...

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a database architecture which enables the keeping and sharing of records in a distributed and decentralized way, while ensuring its integrity through the use of consensus-based validation protocols and cryptographic signatures. In principle, DLT has the...

Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is a database architecture which enables the keeping and sharing of records in a distributed and decentralized way, while ensuring its integrity through the use of consensus-based validation protocols and cryptographic signatures. In principle, DLT has the...

In the event of a clearing member's default, and as part of its default management process, a central counterparty (CCP) will need to hedge the defaulter's portfolio and to close-out its positions. However, the CCP may not be able to do this without incurring additional losses if the market is...

Financial institutions have for many years sought measures which cogently summarise the diverse market risks in portfolios of financial instruments. This quest led institutions to develop Value-at-Risk (VaR) models for their trading portfolios in the 1990s. Subsequently, so-called filtered...

Margin requirements protect a central counterparty (CCP) and its users against potential losses generated by the default of any of its members. They have several components, one of them being the initial margin requirement, which is typically calculated using a market risk model to estimate the...

As a reaction to higher market volatility due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020 some financial regulators imposed short-selling bans on equity markets. Their argument is that short-selling exacerbates downward price movements, thus being responsible for heightened volatility and...