GATT Article XXI remains intact, without any modification, since the inception of the GATT in 1947. Recent economic and political developments, however, are not well addressed in the security exceptions enshrined in Article XXI. Moreover, the security exceptions that have been incorporated into...

The BOP safeguard provisions in the WTO are still haunted by the structure designed for trade and BOP relationship in the postwar Bretton Woods system. The provisions are not only incompatible with the contemporary monetary system but their legal obscurity also retain unproductive loopholes that...

The security exception provisions in the WTO are barely amended from the original GATT text written in 1947, while external conditions surrounding the current trading regime have gone through revolutionary transformation. Especially given ongoing technological transition to another level of...