Trade promotions are temporary price cuts that manufacturers offer retailers to encourage them to reduce retail prices. While trade promotion spending as a percentage of marketing budget has increased dramatically, the inefficiency of trade promotion represents the "number-one concern" among...

A new product model is developed which assumes that the introduction of a new brand affects brand choice in the product class but not the primary demand, i.e., the timing of the purchases of the product class. Each individual is characterized by a trial probability, a repeat purchase...