The national reports have been drafted with the support of the corresponding national intellectual property offices. The purpose of the reports was to collect information about the national rules implementing the SPC Regulations, the national practices and procedures. Particular attention has...

This Study examines the functioning of the system of supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) established in the EU by Regulation 1768/92/EEC on SPCs for medicinal products (now: Reg. 469/2009/EC) and Regulation 1610/96/EC on SPCs for plant protection products (hereinafter: the Regulations)....

Dispute settlement Panels and the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have long been criticised for a ‘textual’ approach to treaty interpretation which focuses too much on the ordinary meaning of treaty provisions. Arguably this approach responded to fears of judicial...

International intellectual property (IP) law has moved from the absence of any obligations on criminal IP enforcement in the ‘pre-TRIPS era’ to a flexible international minimum standard embodied in Art.61 of the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)....

This paper examines the scope of policy space available to integrate economic, social and environmental concerns under the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Protection (TRIPS). It does this by comparing the amount of discretion...