The long-term declining role of manufacturing in the U.S. economy – reflecting a shift of the economy after World War … challenged the prevalent assumption, based on bilateral trade pacts after World War II, suggesting that economies recover from …

, there is a growing tendency to justify protectionism, especially by the United States of America. The rise of protectionism … strongly supported protectionism as a means of preserving jobs and reducing income inequality. The purpose of this article is … to examine whether the protectionism currently adopted by the United States is beneficial to economic growth. Moreover …

represented 83% of the world's population and 91% of the world's GDP in 2013. We address five questions: Do some countries have …, how liberalized is world trade? Our analysis documents the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial … policy barriers remain as an important feature of the world economy. …

%. This sequential pattern of increasing and widening protectionism to include successful exporters under contingent … the US. Thousands of poor people around the world live from honey production, and contingent protection measures …

In a world with increasingly integrated global supply chains, trade policy targeting upstream products has unintended … barriers of the US using its detailed input-output tables. As predicted by the theory, we find that measures on imported inputs …

In this paper we take a systematic look at recent trends in global protectionism and at the potential implications of a … since the mid-2000s, and has possibly intensified since the start of the financial crisis. However, no World Trade … Organization (WTO) member has retreated into widespread trade restrictions or protectionism to date. Our model-based simulations …