The Federal Reserve System or the Fed is one of the most prestigious institutions in the world. Founded by the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, the Fed has the responsibility of setting the monetary policy of the U.S. The Fed’s actions affect the money supply in the U.S. market which has a direct...

Should one think of zero nominal interest rates as an undesirable liquidity trap or as the desirable Friedman rule? I use three different frameworks to discuss this issue. First, I restate Cole and Kocherlakota's (1998) analysis of Friedman's rule: short run increases in the money stock -...

This paper is a critical engagement with the four design principles for Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) recently proposed by Kumhof and Noone (KN). It is argued that the implicit notion of parity underlying KN's analysis is too narrow as it is only focused on the exchange rate between CBDC...

The prospect of central banks issuing digital currency (CBDC) immediately raises the question of how this new form of money should co-exist and interact with existing forms of money. This paper evaluates three different scenarios for the implementation of CBDC in terms of their monetary policy...

Since the early 1990's, and until the 2008 financial crisis, the main policy tool of the FOMC has been a nominal interest rate target. This paper surveys an extensive literature that studies the link between monetary policy and the dynamics of bond yields. This literature uses ‘high-frequency'...

This paper is a comprehensive study of the discussion and empirical evidence about the impact of unconventional monetary policy on bond markets. The 2007/2008 Financial Crisis marks the beginning of a new monetary policy regime in which central banks engaged in different types of large scale...

This is the sixth in a series of seven papers on interest rates and it covers the various roles of interest rates: primary tool of monetary policy, bridge between present and future consumption, advancing consumption / investment with debt, interest rates' inverse relationship with asset prices...

The agricultural sector of Sudan is faced by many problems. In the irrigated schemes, the government who officially owns most of them there are entrenched managerial problems that brewed for more than six decades. Moreover, the privatization policies of those schemes provoked many outcries and...

This is the seventh in a series of seven papers on interest rates and it covers the Wicksell hypothesis, the general interpretation of it, an alternative interpretation, how the alternative interpretation is reconciled with the general interpretation, and its fit with the Taylor rule. A...

This is the fifth in a series of seven papers on interest rates and it covers the monetary policy models, a bank liquidity analysis, the concept of quantitative easing in terms of a bank liquidity analysis, and how a QE policy affects interest rates. The seven papers cover: (1) what are interest...