is to assess the instrument regarding its reliability and validity. Internal reliability is assessed using Cronbach … reliability and validity. Moreover, there is an indication that each of the eight scenarios may be used separately, as they also … meet the criteria for reliability and validity. Possible practical and theoretical implications involve questionnaire use …

variables and on the validity of the classical assumption. We begin by summarizing the literature on biases due to measurement … studies allow us to assess the magnitude of measurement errors in survey data, and the validity of the classical assumption …. In addition to the magnitude of the errors, we also focus on the validity of the classical assumption. Quite often, we …

Many books have been written on the topic of second language assessment, but few are easily accessible for both … approaches and the use of technologies, including generative AI, to language assessment development and analysis for students …