Demand-side flexibility can be incentivised to reduce the need for investment in distribution grids either implicitly or explicitly. Implicit demand-side flexibility is when prosumers react to price signals triggered by network tariffs. Explicit demand-side flexibility is when the DSO can...

This paper explores the price setting of demand-side flexibility, modelled as consumers’ voluntary load reduction, in distribution grids. It develops a long-term equilibrium optimization model with a bi-level setting for voluntary demand-side flexibility. In the Upper Level (UL), the...

This report was produced as part of the THINK project. Cities represent simultaneously a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamentals of energy in cities, distinguishing between cities as energy systems and energy actors. Cities are the place...