We examine the consumer-welfare implications of Google’s project to scan a large proportion of the world’s books into digital form and to make these works accessible to consumers through Google Book Search (GBS). In response to a class action alleging copyright infringement, Google has...

This contribution offers a critical socio-legal perspective on the European Commission's Decision in the Google Shopping investigation. In particular, three outstanding issues, concerning Google's data collection, algorithmic transparency and the beneficiaries of the Decision are explored. The...

This paper aims at highlighting the Commission's approach towards the relation between sector specific regulation and general competition law, especially concerning energy markets and the road to Internal Market objective.We firstly present Trinko case, in order to focus on two crucial and...

The European Union legislature and courts leave the European Commission a wide discretion in dealing with antitrust complaints submitted to it. The principal external constraint is that if the Commission chooses not to pursue a formal complaint, it must reject it by means of a reasoned decision,...

In European legal scholarship, many articles discuss the equilibrium reached in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) when the EU antitrust prohibitions apply to, and restrain, the free and ordinary use of intellectual property rights (“IPRs”). We call this...

Rapid development of generative artificial intelligence chatbots like ChatGPT is leading search engine providers to move from search to answer engines. Unlike search engines, which provide search results in the form of blue links to content creators, answer engines generate personalised answers...

Proper analysis of the Google books settlement requires framing the issues correctly in two important respects. First, it requires understanding that sound antitrust analysis turns on likely effects on consumer welfare, not on debatable spins of arid formalisms. Second, it requires measuring...

By serving as a key revenue source for online content providers, online advertising has been instrumental in the development of innovative websites. Continued innovation among content providers, however, depends critically on the competitive provision of online advertising. Suppliers of online...

Google Search and its algorithm have been subject to intense antitrust scrutiny from competition authorities both in the United States and around the world. Google's introduction of Universal Search in 2007 integrated specialized search results within a narrow category (for example, shopping or...