This study analyses the factors influencing coaching decisions when substituting players, particularly in light of the rule change from three to five permitted substitutions. To this end, 161 coaches and their decisions are analysed in 1,836 Bundesliga matches from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023,...

We analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. However, referee decisions do not seem to be relevant for this. There are also no significant results for semi-ghost games with a reduced number of spectators

Das Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO) an der Universität Münster wurde am 1. Oktober 2023 dreizehn Jahre alt. Dieser 13. Jahresbericht informiert über das dreizehnte Jahr, d. h. über das Wintersemester 2022/23 und das Sommersemester 2023. Wie in den Vorjahren werden das Institut und...

This study analyses the development of loan players in the German Bundesliga from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022, motivated by the increasing importance of player loans in professional football and upcoming FIFA rule changes to reduce loans. The study analyses 378 loan transfers and compares them with...

Because of the COVID-19-pandemic the men’s first German football league (Bundesliga) had to take a break before it was permitted to finish the season 2019/20. However, only ghost games without spectators in the stadiums were allowed in this finishing phase. Comparing these 83 games without...

Das Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO) an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster wurde am 1. Oktober 2010 gegründet. Dieser 11. Jahresbericht informiert über das elfte Jahr, d. h. über das Wintersemester 2020/21 und das Sommersemester 2021. Wie in den Vorjahren werden zuerst...

Das Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO) an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster wurde am 1. Oktober 2020 zehn Jahre alt. Dieser 10. Jahresbericht informiert über das zehnte Jahr, d. h. über das Wintersemester 2019/20 und das Sommersemester 2020. Wie in den Vorjahren werden...

Because of the COVID-19-pandemic the men's first German football league (Bundesliga) had to finish the season 2019/20 with ghost games as spectators were not allowed in the stadiums. Comparing these games with the regular ones between the same teams before, we find that the normal advantage for...

We analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. This also applies to semi-ghost games with significantly fewer spectators than regular games and to referee decisions regarding penalties.