This report is a background document used by several European Commission services to prepare the EC report on critical raw materials and the circular economy, a commitment of the European Commission made in its Communication 'EU action plan for the Circular Economy'. It represents a JRC...

This report has been produced under the Action Plan on Circular Economy in which the Commission set out to issue a report on critical raw materials and the circular economy in 2017, in order to ensure a coherent and effective approach, provide key data sources, promote best practices and...

Europe relies on reliable and robust knowledge on materials stocks and flows to promote innovation along the entire value chain of raw materials. The concept of the circular economy, recently adopted by the European Commission, aims at maintaining the value of products, materials, and resources...

Europe relies on reliable and robust knowledge on materials stocks and flows to promote innovation along the entire value chain of raw materials. The concept of the circular economy, recently adopted by the European Commission, aims at maintaining the value of products, materials, and resources...

This report evaluates the substitution options of nine critical raw materials (CRM) (Eu, Tb, Y, In, Ga, Ge, Nd, Pr and Dy) required in lighting, wind turbines and electric vehicles applications. Substitution has been considered from many perspectives from reducing the use of CRM via improved...

The life cycle impacts of photovoltaic (PV) plants have been extensively explored in several studies in the scientific literature. However, the end-of-life phase has been generally excluded or neglected from these analyses, mainly because of the low amount of panels that have so far reached...

This report is a background document used by several European Commission services to prepare the EC report on critical raw materials and the circular economy, a commitment of the European Commission made in its Communication 'EU action plan for the Circular Economy'. It represents a JRC...