Nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are essential elements for living organisms, including plants, animals and bacteria. They are used as fertilisers in agriculture to guarantee high yields and quality products. However, the increasing demand not only in food...

The study analysed several existing indicators that track the different types of resource flows in the economy, such as materials (abiotic and biotic), energy, water and land use. The selected indicators were then evaluated for their appropriateness for target setting at the EU policy level. The...

This study assesses the feasibility of setting up a suitable framework for measuring progress towards a more sustainable use of land as a resource. The objectives and targets proposed by the Roadmap for a Resource Efficient Europe (related to land take, land recycling and land degradation) are...

This report describes results of the public consultation on unconventional fossil fuels, which generated 22 875 responses, with citizen contributions accounting more than 95% of the total. More than 90% of citizen responses came from five EU countries: Poland, France, Romania, Spain and Germany....

Rhis study on "Ex-post evaluation of certain waste stream Directives" was carried out for the European Commission by a team led by BIO Intelligence Service and including Institute for European Environmental Policy and Arcadis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness,...

The objectives of the report were to provide information on how inspections are currently being undertaken for selected Member States in the policy areas of water, nature protection and CITES so as to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, combined with information from other...

This study aims to support Action 13 relating to electromagnetic fields of the EU Environment & Health Action Plan by evaluating the impact and the effectiveness of EU actions undertaken since 2004, as well as by assisting in the identification of future actions. Specific objectives of this...

Since 2012 the European Commission has been actively exploring how to best optimise water reuse in the EU, as a way to help solve the issue of water scarcity and droughts and help deliver the objectives of the Water Framework Directive. In this context it has conducted several rounds of...

The online public consultation was held from July 30th, 2014 until November 7th, 2014.The aim of the public consultation was to gather informed opinions and suggestions from a wide range of stakeholders on how to optimise water reuse in the EU. In particular, there were specific questions...

As a follow-up to the Blueprint, the European Commission (EC) aims to evaluate the most suitable EU-level instruments to encourage water reuse, including the possibility of a Regulation establishing common standards. In 2015, the Commission intends to make a policy proposal, subject to an...