amounts, in foreign currency and to foreign banks. Central bank cooperation took the form of a swap network, and amounted to …, the swap network should not be made permanent and given an institutional basis to provide international lending of last … International Economics, concludes in favour of making the swap network permanent, while William Dudley, President of the Federal …

banks. These central banks had the capacity to use these swap facilities to provide dollar liquidity to institutions in … their jurisdictions. This paper presents the developments in the dollar swap facilities through the end of 2009. The … research, as well as more descriptive accounts, suggests that the dollar swap lines among central banks were effective at …

richest exhibit a strikingly similar pattern, falling in the three decades after World War II, before rising sharply from the …

Banks play a role in the corporate governance of firms as well as acting as debt financiers around the world. Universal …