This paper assesses the impact of adopting a post-grant review institution in the US patent system by comparing the 'opposition careers' of European Patent Office (EPO) equivalents of litigated US patents to those of a control group of EPO patents. We demonstrate several novel methods of...

One strategy for promoting female leaders in STEM professions is to appoint more women to the committees that select leaders. Unfortunately, evidence from other settings, such as committees for selecting judges or professors, suggests this approach does not work. We use a natural experiment to...

The purpose of this paper is to integrate what has recently been learned about the location of innovative activity. There is considerable evidence that R&D spillovers exist, and that they are geographically bounded. The extent to which such knowledge externalities exist as well as the cost of...