exists in the use of alternative political technologies; for instance bribes by the rich and protests by the poor are likely … to be countervailing forces, and will both occur in polities with weaker political institutions. …

This paper argues that where institutions are strong, actors are more likely to participate in the political process … through institutionalized arenas, while where they are weak, protests and other unconventional means of participation become … political institutions are associated with a higher propensity to use alternative means for expressing preferences, that is, to …

revolutions and mass protests. …

A popular uprising in 2014, led to a revolution overthrowing the sitting president of Burkina Faso. We investigate if … individuals' risk attitudes changed due to this revolution. Specifically, we investigate the impact of the revolution on risk … the revolution. Our results suggest that the impact of the revolution is short-term. Individuals become risk averse during …

institutions, geography, and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of … institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal, and …, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. Informal institutions are defined as beliefs …

them by choosing the level of state centralization. Homogenization attempts are constrained by political unrest, electoral … steady states and extreme levels of (de)centralization. We also find the ability to foster a common identity is highly …