The classical APT model is of the form rj − E(rj) = Øj (I − EI ) +ε , where rj − E(rj) is the earning deviation (called basic ariance-profit) of the security j, I is a common factor. This paper considers the impact on the securities return caused by the skewness and kurtosis of the stock...

Value at Risk (VaR) is used to illustrate the maximum potential loss under a given confidence level, and is just a single indicator to evaluate risk ignoring any information about income. The present paper will generalize one-dimensional VaR to two-dimensional VaR with income-risk double...

The present paper considers a class of financial market with transaction costs and constructs a geometric no-arbitrage analysis frame. Then, this paper arrives at the fact that this financial market is of no-arbitrage if and only if the curvature 2-form of a specific connection is zero....