Existing literature has primarily identified financial and/or strategic considerations as drivers of international downsizing decisions. A subsidiary's performance seems to have a superior meaning among those considerations. Cultural distance is also an important factor, although its influence...

The theories of internalization and internationalization provide general factors of international market entry but are not precise about its timing. A model of waiting and growth options seizes the importance of flexibility to FDI decisions and centers the impact of uncertainty. The results of a...