The popularity of modern portfolio theory has decreased among practitioners because of its unfavorable out-of-sample performance. Estimation risk tends to affect the optimal weight calculation noticeably, especially when a large number of assets are considered. To overcome these issues, many...

We extend the WACC approach to a tax system having a firm income tax and a personal income tax of the investor as well. We use an artificial tax system incorporating most of the G-7 national tax codes as for example the classical or the imputation systems.

Siegel (1995) has developed a technique with which the systematic risk of a security (beta) can be estimated without recourse to historical capital market data. Instead, beta is estimated implicitly from the current market prices of exchange options that enable the exchange of a security against...

Measurement in financial accounting often requires determining an interest rate to discount future cash flows. One example is the International Accounting Standard (IAS)36 Impairment of assets. IAS 36´s impairment test requires determining a value in use (a present value). The Appendix A to the...

The purpose of this study is to identify whether an innovative company's likelihood of facing financial constraints is different when the company possesses a public procurement contract (PP). Theory suggests that the treatment effects of public procurement, particularly when mediated by the...

This paper explores the effect of a firm's reputation of being a green bond issuer on its financing costs. Using a sample of 73 listed Swedish real estate companies issuing in total about 1500 bonds over the period from 2011 till 2021, differencein- difference analyses and instrumental variable...

This paper explores the effect of a firm's reputation of being a green bond issuer on its financing costs. Using a sample of 73 listed Swedish real estate companies issuing in total about 1500 bonds over the period from 2011 till 2021, differencein- difference analyses and instrumental variable...

We examine whether the financial strength of companies, in particular, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is causally linked to the award of a public procurement contract (PP), especially in the environmentally friendly green area (GPP). For this purpose, we build a combined procurement...

The Russian-Ukrainian war has led to an increase of stress on forests. International sanctions have hit timber exports from Russia and Belarus, and the conflict severely affects timber production in Ukraine. The three countries accounted for a quarter of the worldwide timber trade in 2021, and...