Online media platforms have the characteristics of a particular type of market known as 'multi-sided'. These businesses create value by bringing advertisers and users together. Access to user data is critical to this process. On the basis of economic literature, the features of multi-sided...

[Introduction:] The route to customers is becoming increasingly digital, for any business. There is hardly any business that is not focussing on reaching customers online. The Covid-19 pandemic has further accelerated this trend. In many markets, digital platforms have become essential tools for...

We provide evidence of an inherent trade-off between access regulation and investment incentives in telecommunications by using a comprehensive data set covering 70+ fixed-line operators in 20 countries over 10 years. Our econometric model accommodates: different investment incentives for...

According to the essential facilities doctrine, competition law requires an infrastructural monopoly to provide access. Under the "Bronner criterion", proposed by the EC Court, the doctrine is only applicable when an infrastructural duopoly is non-viable. This paper uses a simple model to...

Infrastrukturen in Verkehrssektoren sind regelmäßig Gegenstand von Diskussionen um Marktversagen und Markteingriffe. Die in der EU verfolgten Regulierungsansätze und die daraus entstandene Regulierungslandschaft insbesondere in Verkehrssektoren sind dadurch divers: Während...

Digital platforms and data-driven business models have become integral to today's internet economy. Large technology companies like Apple, Google, Amazon and Microsoft exert control over access to online content, products, services and social interactions through their digital ecosystems and...

Digitale Plattformen und datengesteuerte Geschäftsmodelle sind zu einem festen Bestandteil der heutigen Internetwirtschaft geworden. Große Technologieunternehmen wie Apple, Google, Amazon und Microsoft üben durch ihre digitalen Ökosysteme und die damit verbundene GatekeepingMacht die...

The internet has challenged the traditional news publisher business model by increasing competition for audiences and advertising revenue. Publishers have responded by seeking revenue transfers from the large, profitable digital platforms including Google and Meta's Facebook. But the loser in an...

Digital platforms have become an important part of the digital economy by facilitatingtransactions between large numbers of users and by fostering innovation on collaborativeplatforms. It is striking that platform-based services are dominated by a small number ofglobal players. Most of them are...

This Working Paper brings together two parallel but complementary approaches to the impact of the platform economy on working conditions and social law. The first part of the study shows that the business models of some platforms is a combination of technological disruption and social evasion....