Standard Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models consider continuous-valued and known input and output statuses for measures. This paper proposes an extended Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) DEA model to accommodate flexible (a measure that can play the role of input and output) and integer measures...

A detailed analysis of the German productivity development is indispensable for understanding, why Europe is lagging behind the US growth since the mid 1990s. In this paper a new and unique database is used to analyze the sources of German productivity growth since 1970. It is shown that...