, cost effectiveness, equity, flexibility in the presence of new information, and incentives for participation and compliance … market-based approaches, especially those with price mechanisms; and participation and compliance incentives are inadequately … environmental outcome and efficiency, and between cost-effectiveness and incentives for participation and compliance. …

incapable of inducing significant participation and compliance. We assess the Protocol and thirteen alternative policy … compliance. We find that those approaches that offer cost-effective mitigation are unlikely to induce significant participation … negotiations — to aspects of future international climate agreements that will affect the degrees of participation and compliance …

This paper analyzes compliance with emission regulations, focusing on investment in innovation and cheating as primary … of innovation, the monitoring system in place, and the size of compliance costs. Successful innovation achieves … compliance at lower costs, while undetected cheating creates the appearance of compliance while eliminating all compliance costs …