The financial distress risk concept has been referred as follow: negative net assets, insolvency, bond default, overdraft, unpaid dividends for the preferred stocks, bankruptcy etc. From all the stakeholders, investors are interested in the financial position and performance of a company and its...

Shari'a governance is considered a crucial element of the Islamic banking industry. As recent as 2017, Islamic banks in the Kingdom of Bahrain were required by the regulator to have only a Shari'a Supervisory Board and an internal Shari'a function. In 2017, the Central Bank of Bahrain issued a...

Creating favorable conditions for the development of industry is one of the key tasks with an increased level of complexity, the solution of which is associated with attracting investments and forming an investment policy that takes into account various specific characteristics of its...

Diversification practices by banks affect their own risk of failing and the risk of the banking system as a whole (systemic risk). A seminal theoretical work has shown that linear diversification can reduce the risk of a bank failing, but at the cost of increasing systemic risk. Later, a...

Bonds issued in high and low interest-rate environments often list at different prices despite very similar characteristics. From a risk-neutral investor's perspective, higher current prices imply higher losses in case of default, which must be compensated, if markets are efficient. We call this...

In this paper, we propose a model of credit rating agencies using the global games framework to incorporate information and coordination problems. We introduce a refined utility function of a credit rating agency that, additional to reputation maximization, also embeds aspects of competition and...

Generally, information provision and certification have been identified as the major economic functions of rating agencies. This paper analyzes whether the watchlist" (rating review) Instrument has extended the agencies' role towards a monitoring position, as proposed by Boot, Milbourn, and...

In recent years, a number of papers have established a new empirical regularity. Stocks of distressed firms vastly underperform those of financially healthy firms. It is not necessary to attribute the negative excess returns of distressed firms to inefficient or irrational markets. We show that...

Generally, information provision and certification have been identified as the major economic functions of rating agencies. This paper analyzes whether the 'watchlist (rating review) instrument has extended the agencies' role towards a monitoring position, as proposed by Boot, Milbourn, and...

Generally, information provision and certification have been identified as the major economic functions of rating agencies. This paper analyzes whether the watchlist (rating review) instrument has extended the agencies' role towards a monitoring position, as proposed by Boot, Milbourn, and...